Hair & Scalp Concerns
Dandruff: causes & the ingredients that actually work
White or yellow flakes with an itchy scalp. Below we explain what causes it, which ingredients have real evidence behind them, and the products we recommend (top picks are being added soon).
Premium & budget picks for dandruff — coming soon
We're reviewing formulas and ingredient lists for this concern. Until then, look for products built around Ketoconazole, Zinc Pyrithione and Piroctone Olamine.
Understand it
What causes dandruff?
- Malassezia yeast overgrowth
- Oily scalp and infrequent washing
- Stress and weather changes
Look for
Ingredients that work for dandruff
- Ketoconazole
Antifungal that controls Malassezia yeast, the main cause of dandruff.
- Zinc Pyrithione
Anti-fungal, anti-bacterial agent widely used in anti-dandruff shampoos.
- Piroctone Olamine
Gentle anti-dandruff active that reduces flakes and itch.
- Selenium Sulfide
Slows skin cell turnover on the scalp and fights yeast; for stubborn dandruff.
- Climbazole
Antifungal that targets Malassezia yeast; works best combined with zinc pyrithione or piroctone olamine.
- Salicylic Acid (BHA)
Oil-soluble exfoliant that gets inside pores to dissolve sebum and dead skin that cause clogs.
FAQs
Dandruff — common questions
What causes dandruff?
Common causes include: malassezia yeast overgrowth, oily scalp and infrequent washing and stress and weather changes.
Which ingredients work best for dandruff?
Look for Ketoconazole, Zinc Pyrithione, Piroctone Olamine, Selenium Sulfide, Climbazole and Salicylic Acid. Ketoconazole: Antifungal that controls Malassezia yeast, the main cause of dandruff. Zinc Pyrithione: Anti-fungal, anti-bacterial agent widely used in anti-dandruff shampoos.
When should I see a dermatologist for dandruff?
If it is severe, painful, spreading, or hasn't improved after 6–8 weeks of consistent care, see a board-certified dermatologist. Prescription treatments may be needed.
This guide is for general information and isn't a substitute for advice from a dermatologist. Patch-test new products, and avoid strong actives during pregnancy unless your doctor approves.